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A molecule that activates a receptor and starts a signaling response.

A small organic molecule used as a building block for peptides and proteins.

The biological process of forming new blood vessels.

The fraction of a substance that reaches a target biological system in an active form.

Certificate of Analysis: a report documenting analytical testing performed on a sample.

Growth hormone-releasing hormone, a signaling molecule involved in pituitary growth-hormone release.

Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, an incretin hormone involved in metabolic signaling.

Glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin hormone involved in glucose-dependent insulin signaling and other metabolic processes.

High-performance liquid chromatography, an analytical method commonly used to separate and measure compounds in a sample.

Insulin-like growth factor 1, a signaling protein downstream of growth-hormone activity.

Freeze-dried. Water is removed under low temperature and pressure to improve storage stability.

An analytical technique that measures mass-to-charge ratios to help identify molecules.

Cellular structures responsible for much of the cell's energy production and metabolic signaling.

A short chain of amino acids. Many peptides act as biological signals.

A cellular protein that recognizes specific molecules and can trigger downstream signaling.

A cellular state in which a cell stops dividing while remaining metabolically active.

A sequence of molecular events that carries information through a cell.

The time required for half of a measured amount of a substance to be removed or transformed in a defined system.